Poverty reduces people's capacity to use resources in a sustainable manner; it intensifies pressure on the environment. Yet it is not enough to broaden the range of economic variables taken into account. Globally, wealthier nations are better placed financially and technologically to cope with the effects of possible climatic change. Secondly, they do not want to see growing poverty, and they obviously care for the environment, be it the environment of the North, where they live, or of the South. Income distribution is one aspect of the quality of growth, as described in the preceding section, and rapid growth combined with deteriorating income distribution may be worse than slower growth combined with redistribution in favour of the poor. 56. 28. 9. Sectoral organizations tend to pursue sectoral objectives and to treat their impacts on other sectors as side effects, taken into account only if compelled to do so. The most urgent problem is the requirements of poor Third World households, which depend mainly on fuelwood. The essential needs of vast numbers of people in developing countries for food, clothing, shelter, jobs - are not being met, and beyond their basic needs these people have legitimate aspirations for an improved quality of life. For instance, in many developing countries the introduction of large-scale commercial agriculture may produce revenue rapidly, but may also dispossess a large number of small farmers and make income distribution more inequitable. 7/ FAO, Fuelwood Supplies in the Developing Countries, Forestry Paper No. An inequitable landowner ship structure can lead to overexploitation of resources in the smallest holdings, with harmful effects on both environment and development. Communities or governments can compensate for this isolation through laws, education, taxes, subsidies, and other methods. Denying people rights and peoples' interests is pushing us to a situation where it is only the poverty that has a very prosperous future in Africa. The fulfilment of all these tasks will require the reorientation of technology the key link between humans and nature. Ottawa, 26-27 May 1986. Thus the abandonment of a hydro project because it will disturb a rare ecological system could be a measure of progress, not a setback to development./4 Nevertheless, in some cases, sustainability considerations will involve a rejection of activities that are financially attractive in the short run. This requires changes in the legal and institutional frameworks that will enforce the common interest. Some necessary changes in the legal framework start from the proposition that an environment adequate for health and well-being is essential for all human beings including future generations. WCED Public Hearing In effect, there is a political community of interest, North and South, in the concept of sustainable development that you can build upon. The Concept of Sustainable Development, 4. We are seldom asked to help avoid the need for compensation by lending our expertise and our consent to development. We are still the first to know about changes in the environment, but we are now the last to be asked or consulted. Technologies are needed that produce 'social goods', such as improved air quality or increased product life, or that resolve problems normally outside the cost calculus of individual enterprises, such as the external costs of pollution or waste disposal. The answer lies partly in education, institutional development, and law enforcement. 49. Yet if developing nations focus their efforts upon eliminating poverty and satisfying essential human needs, then domestic demand will increase for both agricultural products and manufactured goods and some services. Who We Are. In the same way, the ability of a government to control its national economy is reduced by growing international economic interactions. The challenge is to manage the process so as to avoid a severe deterioration in the quality of life. Nairobi, 23 Sept 1986. 39. Many problems arise from inequalities in access to resources. 58. 79. Second, in low-income developing countries the surplus that can be skimmed off for redistribution is available only from the wealthier groups. Deficiencies in these areas are often visible manifestations of environmental stress. Energy policies in one jurisdiction cause acid precipitation in another. We are the first to detect when the forests are being threatened, as they are under the slash and grab economics of this country. Interpretations will vary, but must share certain general features and must flow from a consensus on the basic concept of sustainable development and on a broad strategic framework for achieving it. Humanitarian concern is common to both sides. Rising levels of income and urbanization and the changing role of women all played important roles. But at least by hearing all those questions, stories, all these expressions that have been put forward, at least you could have some idea. Urbanization is itself part of the development process. But ultimate limits there are, and sustainability requires that long before these are reached, the world must ensure equitable access to the constrained resource and reorient technological efforts to relieve the presume. Moreover, environmental regulation must move beyond the usual menu of safety regulations, zoning laws, and pollution control enactments; environmental objectives must be built into taxation, prior approval procedures for investment and technology choice, foreign trade incentives, and all components of development policy. 1. Applying sophisticated analyses of vulnerabilities and past failures to technology design, manufacturing standards, and contingency plans in operations can make the consequences of a failure or accident much less catastrophic. It must also work to remove disabilities from disadvantaged groups, many of whom live in ecologically vulnerable areas, such as many tribal groups in forests, desert nomads, groups in remote hill areas, and indigenous peoples of the Americas and Australasia. Sustainable development requires meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life. 70. People have acquired, often for the first time in history, both an idea of their relative poverty and a desire to emerge from it and improve the quality of their lives. For the developing world to eat, person for person, as well as the industrial world by the year 2000, annual increases of 5.0 per cent in calories and 5.8 per cent in proteins are needed in Africa; of 3.4 and 4.0 per cent, respectively, in Latin America; and of 3.5 and 4.5 per cent in Asia./6 Foodgrains and starchy roots are the primary sources of calories, while proteins are obtained primarily from products like milk, meat, fish, pulses, and oil-seeds. WCED Public Hearing Economic interactions through trade, finance, investment, and travel will also grow and heighten economic and ecological interdependence. The history of technological developments also suggests that industry can adjust to scarcity through greater efficiency in use, recycling, and substitution. UK projections suggest that by the first decade of the next century, the absolute size of rural populations in most developing countries will start declining. Merging Environment and Economics in Decision Making, Ensuring a Sustainable Level of Population, Conserving and Enhancing the Resource Base, Merging Environment and Economics in Decision Making, the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and. Sao Paulo, 28-29 Oct 1985. A forest may be depleted in one part of a watershed and extended elsewhere, which is not a bad thing if the exploitation has been planned and the effects on soil erosion rates, water regimes, and genetic losses have been taken into account. A development path that is sustainable in a physical sense could theoretically be pursued even in a rigid social and political setting. Similar incomplete accounting occurs in the exploitation of other natural resources, especially in the case of resources that are not capitalized in enterprise or national accounts: air, water, and soil. Take Joanie, for example: If she's reading a paragraph, she can't remember every word in that paragraph or even every sentence. Hence it will be necessary to turn to methods that produce more fish, fuelwood, and forest products under controlled conditions. Economic and ecological concerns are not necessarily in opposition. We are the gate-keepers of success or failure to husband our resources. The most basic of all needs is for a livelihood: that is, employment. The principal development challenge is to meet the needs and aspirations of an expanding developing world population. In Africa, the task is particularly challenging given the recent declining per capita food production and the current constraints on growth. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences The hot water discharged by a thermal power plant into a river or a local sea affects the catch of all who fish locally. Elsewhere, it can be consistent with economic growth, provided the content of growth reflects the broad principles of sustainability and non-exploitation of others. The accumulation of knowledge and the development of technology can enhance the carrying capacity of the resource base. 30. The medium-term prospects for industrial countries are for growth of 3-4 per cent, the minimum that international financial institutions consider necessary if these countries are going to play a part in expanding the world economy. At the same time, the more traditional connection - in which agriculture is a source of raw materials for industry - is being diluted by the widening use of synthetics. At a minimum, sustainable development must not endanger the natural systems that support life on Earth: the atmosphere, the waters, the soils, and the living beings. 51-70 years if it grows only at 1 per cent. Environmental concern is common to both sides. Population growth and the drift into cities threaten to make these problems worse. Thus land should not be degraded beyond reasonable recovery. The differing capacities of exploiters to commandeer 'free' goods - locally, nationally, and internationally - is another manifestation of unequal access to resources. Non-fuel mineral resources appear to pose fewer supply problems. Recent improvements in energy efficiency and a shift towards less energy-intensive sectors have helped limit consumption. Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development - A/42/427 Annex, Chapter 2 - an element of the body of UN Documents for earth stewardship and international decades for a culture of peace and non-violence for the children of the world Even the narrow notion of physical sustainability implies a concern for social equity between generations, a concern that must logically be extended to equity within each generation. Development involves a progressive transformation of economy and society. Changes are also required in the attitudes and procedures of both public and private-sector enterprises. Kennedy Njiro Ecologically more benign alternatives are available. the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. 'Making Common Cause' These alternatives can be promoted only by an agricultural policy based on ecological realities. Large sections of the population may be marginalized by ill-considered development. It is therefore essential that the stagnant or declining growth trends of this decade be reversed. Today's interventions are more drastic in scale and impact, and more threatening to life-support systems both locally and globally. The cause-and-effect essay can be organized in one of these two primary ways: Start with the cause and then write about the effect. Local interdependence has, if anything, increased because of the technology used in modern agriculture and manufacturing. 67. Money spent on education and health can raise human productivity. 6/ Based on per capita consumption data from FAO, Production Yearbook 1984 (Rome: 1985) and population projections from DIESA, World Population Prospects: Estimates and Projections as Assessed in 1984 (New York: UN, 1986). But short-sighted, short-term improvements in productivity can create different forms of ecological stress, such as the loss of genetic diversity in standing crops, salinization and alkalization of irrigated lands, nitrate pollution of ground-water, and pesticide residues in food. The building blocks are there. Economic and social development can and should be mutually reinforcing. President, Native Council of Canada As a system approaches ecological limits, inequalities sharpen. 66. But most renewable resources are part of a complex and interlinked ecosystem, and maximum sustainable yield must be defined after taking into account system-wide effects of exploitation. Third, redistributive policies cannot be so precisely targeted that they deliver benefits only to those who are below the poverty line, so some of the benefits will accrue to those who are just a little above it. The pressures on agricultural land from crop and livestock production can be partly relieved by increasing productivity. Let us put this progress where the lands have already been deforested, where it is idle of labour and where we have to find people work, and where we have to make the city grow. In general, renewable resources like forests and fish stocks need not be depleted provided the rate of use is within the limits of regeneration and natural growth. In fact, increased access to family planning services is itself a form of social development that allows couples, and women in particular, the right to self-determination. In the long run, such a path may not be sustainable; it impoverishes many people and can increase pressures on the natural resource base through overcommercialized agriculture and through the marginalization of subsistence farmers. As people advance materially, and eat and live better, what, were once luxuries tend to be regarded as necessities. 36. Population growth in developing countries will remain unevenly distributed between rural and urban areas. 11/ W. Hafele and W. Sassin, 'Resources and Endowments, An Outline of Future Energy Systems', in P.W. Studies done before 1960 that assumed an exponentially growing demand did not envisage a problem until well into the next century./12 since then, world consumption of most metals has remained nearly constant, which suggests that the exhaustion of non-fuel minerals is even more distant. 62. 24. Critical objectives for environment and development policies that follow from the concept of sustainable development include: 29. 1/ UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics 1985 Supplement (New York: 1985). 55. 6. Paragraphs and essays can be developed in many different ways. The law alone cannot enforce the common interest. No supranational authority exists to resolve such issues, and the common interest can only be articulated through international cooperation. 81. Such systems as nuclear reactors, electric and other utility distribution networks, communication systems, and mass transportation are vulnerable if stressed beyond a certain point. This is a fair representation of the situation in many low-income developing countries. What matters is the sincerity with which these goals are pursued and the effectiveness with which departures from them are corrected. Paragraph Development 3. 37. In addition, liability for damages from unintended consequences must be strengthened and enforced. Thus when a watershed deteriorates, poor farmers suffer more because they cannot afford the same anti-erosion measures as richer farmers. But many problems of resource depletion and environmental stress arise from disparities in economic and political power. In composition, development (also known as elaboration) is the process of adding informative and illustrative details to support the main idea in a paragraph or essay. Free access to relevant information and the availability of alternative sources of technical expertise can provide an informed basis for public discussion. For instance, a hydropower project should not be seen merely as a way of producing more electricity; its effects upon the local environment and the livelihood of the local community must be included in any balance sheets. The R&D process. a social system that provides for solutions for the tensions arising from disharmonious development. All too often poverty is such that people cannot satisfy their needs for survival and well-being even if goods and services are available. 63. Second, the orientation of technology development must be changed to pay greater attention to environmental factors. Hemily and M.N. Programmes to protect the incomes of farmers, fishermen, and foresters against short-term price declines may decrease their need to overexploit resources. An expansion in numbers can increase the pressure on resources and slow the rise in living standards in areas where deprivation is widespread. 78. 32. The common theme throughout this strategy for sustainable development is the need to integrate economic and ecological considerations in decision making. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, The Importance of Providing Supporting Details. And species, once extinct, are not renewable. They are, after all, integrated in the workings of the real world. In the Third World, the failure to meet these key needs is one of the major causes of many communicable diseases such as malaria, gastro-intestinal infestations, cholera, and typhoid. 69. Until recently, such interventions were small in scale and their impact limited. If the desert is growing, forest disappearing, malnutrition increasing, and people in urban areas living in very bad conditions, it is not because we are lacking resources but the kind of policy implemented by our rulers, by the elite group. Are these orders of magnitude attainable? Second, there are emission problems, most notably acid pollution and carbon dioxide build up leading to global warming. The minimum requirements for cooking fuel in most developing countries appear to be on the order of 250 kilogrammes of coal equivalent per capita per year. Some of these problems can be met by increased use of renewable energy sources. Thus more manageable cities may be the principal gain from slower rates of population growth. Nonetheless, in large numbers of developing countries markets are very small; and for all developing countries high export growth, especially of non-traditional items, will also be necessary to finance imports, demand for which will be generated by rapid development. (See Chapter 6.) It is not only used in academic papers, but in everyday life as well. Pressure on resources increases when people lack alternatives. Because it is only free people, people who have rights, who are mature and responsible citizens, who then participate in the development and in the protection of the environment. Planners must find ways of relying more on supporting community initiatives and self-help efforts and on effectively using low-cost technologies. The three common methods of organizing writing are chronological order, spatial order, and order of importance.You will learn more about these in Chapter 9 “Writing Essays: From Start to Finish”; however, you need to keep these methods of organization in mind as you plan how to arrange the information you have gathered in an outline. The process of economic development must be more soundly based upon the realities of the stock of capital that sustains it. But growth by itself is not enough. I don't have anything that was created in somebody's office. The raw materials and energy of production processes are only partly converted to useful products. National and international institutional mechanisms are needed to assess potential impacts of new technologies before they are widely used, in order to ensure that their production, use, and disposal do not overstress environmental resources. 16. This is rarely done in either developed or developing countries. The search for common interest would be less difficult if all development and environment problems had solutions that would leave everyone better off. But the gains from trade are unequally distributed, and patterns of trade in, say, sugar affect not merely a local sugar-producing sector, but the economies and ecologies of the many developing countries that depend heavily on this product. This will require a change in attitudes and objectives and in institutional arrangements at every level. This is a fraction of the household energy consumption in industrial countries. Cleaning up after the event is an expensive solution. Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is influence by which one event, process, state or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state or object (an effect) where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause. 7. But time is short, and developing countries will also have to promote direct measures to reduce fertility, to avoid going radically beyond the productive potential to support their populations. I think that is the one thing, maybe that all of us are hearing here, or expecting: that in every development planning or development issue as much as possible to listen and to include, to consult the people concerned. 54. Public inquiries and hearings on the development and environment impacts can help greatly in drawing attention to different points of view. First, in most situations redistributive policies can only operate on increases in income. More food is required not merely to feed more people but to attack undernourishment. Economic development is unsustainable if it increases vulnerability to crises. 34. A major purpose of large system design should be to make the consequences of failure or sabotage less serious. The direction of technological developments may solve some immediate problems but lead to even greater ones. Not enough is being done to adapt recent innovations in materials technology, energy conservation, information technology, and biotechnology to the needs of developing countries. In this example, the assertion does not fail immediately if the condition does not match - TestCafe recalculates the developerNameInput.value property value until the assertion passes or the timeout expires.. Selector Timeout # The purpose of the cause-and-effect essay is to determine how various phenomena are related. Most such absolute poverty is in developing countries; in many, it has been aggravated by the economic stagnation of the 1980s. Between 1985 and 2000 the labour force in developing countries will increase by nearly 800 million, and new livelihood opportunities will have to be generated for 60 million persons every year./5 The pace and pattern of economic development have to generate sustainable work opportunities on this scale and at a level of productivity that would enable poor households to meet minimum consumption standards. Indigenous peoples are the base of what I guess could be called the environmental security system. 14. For example, income from forestry operations is conventionally measured in terms of the value of timber and other products extracted, minus the costs of extraction. 13. It requires a change in the content of growth, to make it less Material- and energy-intensive and more equitable in its impact. 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