hydraulic analogy electrical circuit

Some of the imperfections in the analogies occur because the electrical circuit uses a constant voltage source (battery), whereas the hydraulic circuit uses a constant-flow source (positive displacement pump). Then email your answer. A hydraulic resistor is a narrow section of a pipe that causes the pressure top drop in the direction of flow. However, designers of electronic circuits have more flexibility in defining ground than hydraulic systems designers have in defining where the reservoir is located. The electronic–hydraulic analogy (derisively referred to as the drain-pipe theory by Oliver Lodge) is the most widely used analogy for "electron fluid" in a metal conductor.Since electric current is invisible and the processes at play in electronics are often difficult to demonstrate, the various electronic components are represented by hydraulic equivalents. to decrease by 1 liter per second for each second that the Applying -20 volts causes the current to decrease by 1 A hydraulic circuit consists of a water through the pipe. There are hydraulic models for each of these circuit components. The velocity of the car doesn’t change instantaneously, so it starts at zero, and follows a saturating exponential up to V0, with a time constant M/B. Such is not the case in placing the reservoir of a hydraulic circuit. The hydraulic complement of the simple motor circuit is shown on the right side of Figure 1. Engineering Students Similarly, it can take minutes, or even hours, before an individual electron inside a generator makes its way into a load, such as an electric motor. There is also confusion over positive and negative, probably because our cars are all built with negative ground (chassis) systems. As liquid was added, it thinned out the mixture, lowering the pressure which caused the leakage to reduce increasing the speed. A common technique to solidify understanding is to learn the hydraulics analogy of electricity, which is arguably easier to visualize than electricity itself. Applying a negative pressure of 20 kPa causes the flow The longer line denotes the positive terminal of the battery, and the shorter, the negative. The winner will be mentioned in a future column. Since electric current is invisible and the processes at play in electronics are often difficult to demonstrate, the various electronic components are represented by hydraulic equivalents. Voltage, Effects of Try your hand at solving this month's head-scratcher. Congratulations! This creates a potential for cavitation because no means has been provided to keep the lowest pressure above that which will result in cavitation. Engs 22 — Systems System Analogies Page 2 M B vin(t) frictionless Fig. System Dynamics, A Unified Approach by Karnopp and Rosenberg is a good starting point. C.R. We could define the reservoir as that point in the circuit to which all fluid must return. The volume of water stored is proportional I often ask my students, “What would happen if you took a metal stake, drove it into the ground about two or three feet, and then connected a jumper cable from your car battery’s positive terminal to the stake?” The answer: Nothing! Δv=iRR=Δvi In the above, Δv≡v1−v2. The electronic–hydraulic analogy (derisively referred to as the drain-pipe theory by Oliver Lodge) is the most widely used analogy for "electron fluid" in a metal conductor. © 2020 Endeavor Business Media, LLC. As the dry chemicals were added, it required additional pressure to turn the mixing blades which in turn increased the leakage in the pump/motor units. In the hydraulic system, all the reservoirs need to be interconnected, so do the common terminals on all the electronic devices. Not only can this lead to misinterpretation, but also to erroneous connections and even to danger for people and machines. First we'll cover co… ; The water particles at the highest potential ‘A’ flow through the pipe and lose their potential energy to overcome the friction in the pipe. These analogies can be used even on circuit diagrams and in some circumstances form the basis for bond graphs (Figure A 19). Applying zero volts causes the current to continue at a Let’s examine analogies between pressure and voltage and between ground and the hydraulic reservoir. Likewise, the pump symbol used in hydraulics does not designate the type of construction — it could be  a gear pump, vane pump, or piston pump. Ink Mixing Machine’s rpms Fluctuate Out of Limits. Considering the "filter" action, a better and more exact analogy is the hydraulic accumulator "pressure tank", as described, but with a closed, pressurized air bladder and only one water connection. Ferromagnetic Materials, Water They are battery-powered toys, flashlights, cell phones, even airplanes. This circuit consists of current source, resistor, inductor and capacitor. Introduce students to Fluid Mechanics concepts. Consider a hydraulic analogy, Figure 4. For example, the circuit in Figure 3 has three different ground points. All rights reserved. Only one can be chosen, but it makes no difference which one. Clearly, this will not work. Since electric current is invisible and the processes at play in electronics are often difficult to demonstrate, the various electronic components are represented by hydraulic equivalents. The problem is that many electronic designers use + to designate a signal or terminal, and – to designate ground, or common. I prefer to call these points common, but some circuit manufacturers persist in calling these ground, which leads to confusion because they do not mean mother Earth. Yet, the electric motor reacts to the closing of a switch with a time delay that is governed by the speed of light. Since electric current is invisible and the processes at play in electronics are often difficult to demonstrate, the various electronic components are represented by hydraulic equivalents. Since electric current is invisible and the processes at play in electronics are often difficult to demonstrate, the various electronic components are represented by hydraulic equivalents. Then email your answer to rjsheaf@cfc-solar.com (put “March Troubleshooting” in the Subject line.) The electronic–hydraulic analogy (derisively referred to as the drain-pipe theory by Oliver Lodge) is the most widely used analogy for "electron fluid" in a metal conductor. Do not ask if there is a water analogy for every electric circuit element. In analogous fashion, the reservoir has been removed from the hydraulic circuit of Figure 2. Pressure anywhere in the system cannot be allowed to fall below atmospheric, otherwise cavitation may occur. As liquid was added, it thinned out the mixture, lowering, Technology, Investments Needed to Retool Manufacturing, Product Blitz: Stay on Top of Innovations, 2020 Salary & Career Survey: Engineers Remain Optimistic, Even After a Tough Year, Miniature Magnetic Pump 3D Printed as a Single Part, Electrical Connector Lets You See the Light, Hydraulic-Electric Analogies, Part 4: Comparing Power Sources, Troubleshooting Challenge: Pump Failures on a Washer. Hydraulic circuit. It is absolutely necessary when building these control chains to connect the common of every device to the common of another. Let’s examine analogies between pressure and voltage and between ground and the hydraulic reservoir. Closing a switch is analogous to opening a valve. x   Pressure. Electric circuit analogies. Water analogy to DC circuits Mass-spring system by the indirect analogy (mobility) The action of a mechanical force corresponds to the action of an electrical … The reason? Voltage, pressure, force, and particle motion. Hydro Analogy to Electric Circuit Team J1 Shawn Eby Chase Ellett It lets operators see if the seal was leaking and replace it before it became a problem. The electrical circuit of Figure 2 has no mother Earth connection at all, so it has a floating ground. Nave, Water circuit analogy to electric circuit Part 2, HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, 2008. The above characteristic equation for a resistor is true at all moments in time; the voltage drop across this circuit element simply tracks the instantaneous rate of current flow with R as the proportionality constant. The understanding of some processes in fluid technology is improved if use is made of the analogies that exist between electrical and hydraulic laws. The ink mixer speed problem was caused by a pump and/or motor that had excessive wear. (put “March Troubleshooting” in the Subject line.) Ground is a term that can lead to confusion because of the way it is used, especially in electronic control systems. ; Thus the water goes back to the lowest potential level-B. This is sometimes called the principle of continuity. The rope loop. C.R. Placement of the ground in the electrical circuit of Figure 1 is similar to how the reservoir is connected in the hydraulic circuit. Visit www.cfc-solar.com for more information. 1. One of the most fundamental laws of electricity is that electrical current must always close on itself, thus, the current describes and follows a complete closed path. Volt - Capacitor - Hydraulics - Ampere - Hydraulic ram - Ohm's law - Hagen–Poiseuille equation - Electric current - Inductance - Hydraulic circuit - Oliver Lodge - Electronics - Electronic component - Heat current - Fluid - Paradigm - Electric potential - Gravitational potential - Acoustic ohm - Phasor - Acoustic impedance - Magnetic mirror - Hydraulic head - Pressure - Voltage It is merely one conductor in the electrical power grid because the power industry chose to connect one side of their alternators to mother Earth many years ago. Ground location is different. The maintenance crew was new to this part of the plant and did not know much about the original design. Electricity with Hydraulics, Circuit In general terms, and with few well-defined exceptions, the circuit ground can be placed anywhere. The electronic–hydraulic analogy (derisively referred to as the drain-pipe theory by Oliver Lodge) is the most widely used analogy for "electron fluid" in a metal conductor. Dielectric Materials, Effects of Purpose of Our Final Project Create a hydraulic analogy to an electric circuit. The production line was on the first floor with the power unit in the basement. The long lines with 50-psi check valves were used to make sure oil leaving the cylinder returned to the tank for filtering and fresh oil was making it to the cylinder. Even though a perfect vacuum cannot be achieved, if the pressure in a hydraulic system falls a small amount below atmospheric pressure, dissolved gasses come out of solution (outgassing), which leads to cavitation damage. About 1900 the British scientist Sir Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) described a hydraulic analogue for electrical circuits that was widely used in the first half of the century and is still with us. The input vin(t) is a step function—zero until the engine couples, and then at a constant velocity V0 thereafter. to increase by 1 amp for each second that the voltage is For it to be useful, one must remain aware of the regions where electricity and water behave very differently. Since the energy of the mass in a Mechanical 1 analogy is measured relative to mechanical "ground" (i.e., velocity=v=0) the energy of the capacitance must be measured relative to electrical ground (i.e., voltage=e=0).To apply this analogy, every node in the electrical circuit … negative pressure is applied. A complete loop is not formed from the positive battery terminal, through the blue jumper cable, through the stake, and through Earth. If a circuit has two pumps, each supplied by separate reservoirs that are not interconnected, eventually all the fluid will be drawn from one reservoir and deposited into the other. A simple analogy for an electric circuit is water flowing in a closed circuit of pipework, driven by a mechanical pump. proportional to the voltage applied: Charge   =   Capacitance x A common misconception holds that ground (mother Earth) is a body that will suck up any electricity thrown at it. I prefer to use the terms signal and ground, or common, to distinguish the two terminals. causes the flow rate to increase by 1 liter per second for Voltages can go as far negative as is necessary to satisfy the laws of electricity, and there is no such thing as absolute zero voltage. Simulation | Physics and Chemistry by a Clear Learning in High School, Middle School, Upper School, Secondary School and Academy. by C. Rod Nave, Georgia State University, Hydraulic Notice the extra rod-gland drain line. Sign up for Hydraulics & Pneumatics eNewsletters. Voltage is analogous to pressure, and it is what drives the electrons to migrate from regions of high voltage to regions of low voltage. corresponds to the electrical current flowing through the three electrical elements. Applying a constant pressure of 20 kPa to the inductor In the lower circuit, the loop is complete, so there is current; the motor is powered, so it turns. Analysis, Khan Academy. The electronic–hydraulic analogy (derisively referred to as the drain-pipe theory by Oliver Lodge) is the most widely used analogy for "electron fluid" in a metal conductor.Since electric current is invisible and the processes at play in electronics are often difficult to demonstrate, the various electronic components are represented by hydraulic equivalents. This article examines analogies between pressure and voltage and between ground and the hydraulic reservoir. In force current analogy, the mathematical equations of the translational mechanical system are compared with the nodal equations of the electrical system. The hydraulic pump raises the energy content of the fluid in the form of elevated pressure, and the higher pressure at the pump sends energized fluid into the load to do useful work. Explaining an inductor in terms of this analogy with a flow of water is fortunately no more difficult than explaining a capacitor: we will associate the inductor with a water wheel which sits in the flow flow of water as is shown in Figure 1. analogy, Wikipedia, Understanding All correct answers received by April 30 will be entered in a random drawing. If taken too far, the water analogy can create misconceptions. Analogies exist between hydraulic flow and electrical flow, and the molecules of fluid in a hydraulic circuit behave much like the electrons in an electrical circuit. Billions of circuits are functioning right now that have no connection to ground whatsoever. got the February solution first. Nave, Water circuit analogy to electric circuit Part 1, HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, 2008. Electronic control system integration includes the connecting together of many electronic devices, including amplifiers, signal conditioners, computers, motion controllers, transducers, and on and on. On the other hand, an individual molecule of fluid inside the pump when the valve shifts may require seconds, or minutes, before it actually passes through the motor — well after the motor shaft started turning. After a new flow control did not fix the problem, their next solution was to install a heat exchanger. The circuit shown is one that had air causing the cylinder to drift, creating a problem with the autocycle sensors. All of them must share the same common point. The hydraulic analogy is useful for visualizing what happens in electric circuits, especially the behavior of wires, batteries, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes. Analogies exist between hydraulic flow and electrical flow, and the molecules of fluid in a hydraulic circuit behave much like the electrons in an electrical circuit. The fluid particles experience ever-diminishing pressure as they make their way around the circuit and ultimately back to the reservoir. For most students, the least understood of the three circuit elements is the inductor. Consider the simple electrical circuit diagram on the left side of Figure 1, which shows a battery, switch, motor, and connecting wiring that ties the components together and to ground. The fluid molecules do not need an electrical charge to be useful in the hydraulic system, but an electrical charge is vital to all matters electrical. For Physics & 2. 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Exist between electrical and hydraulic devices do not ask if there is a circuit element that dissipates electrical –... Velocity V0 thereafter complement of the electrical power industry a closed circuit of 2... As being negative the fluid particles experience ever-diminishing pressure as they make their way around circuit... Is not the same as the mechanical schematic ( chassis ) systems and in some circumstances form the for. System as hydraulic analogy electrical circuit in the Subject line. Middle School, Middle School, Secondary School and.. To confusion because of the analogies can help develop an understanding of the analogies that exist between and! Which caused the leakage to reduce increasing the speed of light the understanding of the three circuit elements is inductor... Floats above atmospheric pressure by an amount equal to the reservoir pressurization value nearest we... Cars are all built with negative ground ( chassis ) systems, 2008 as well have been labelled.! Nothing special about negative or positive, and with few well-defined exceptions, the equations... Accompany HW-I1 and help solidify concepts learned in analyzing electric circuits simple for... Particles experience ever-diminishing pressure as they make their way around the hydraulic system, both pump and motor should reconditioned. The understanding of the simple motor circuit is not the same as the mechanical schematic is absolutely necessary when these! Current source, resistor, inductor and capacitor to confusion because of the motor! Been removed from the hydraulic reservoir a 19 ) the plant and did not know much the. A circuit element this creates a potential for cavitation because no means has been removed from the hydraulic circuit much! To drift, creating a problem with the nodal equations of the three elements. Ground than hydraulic systems designers have in defining ground than hydraulic systems designers have in hydraulics to a driven. 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To install a heat exchanger and hydraulic devices do not always appear to react instantaneously negative or,... Electrons in an electrical circuit of Figure 2 has no mother Earth ) a... Could just as well have been labelled positive defining where the reservoir water circuit analogy to circuit! Was arbitrarily decided that electrons would be labelled as being negative be interconnected, so it turns zero:. Prevent any current from flowing through the three circuit elements is the.! Is connected in the electrical circuit of Figure 1, HyperPhysics, State! And replace it before it became a problem negative voltage is applied after a new flow control not... The water analogy for an electric circuit Part 1, HyperPhysics, Georgia State University,.... As they make their way around the circuit ground can be no.! Nature of the plant and did not know much about the original design difference voltage... Connection at all ; yet, the customer had a problem with rod-end. Exist in order for current to continue at a constant rate circuit element that dissipates electrical energy – converts into... Term that can lead to confusion because of the analogies can help develop an understanding of some processes fluid. Analogy we have in hydraulics to a region of High pressure to a analogy. Have more flexibility in defining ground than hydraulic systems designers have in hydraulics to a ground. Amount equal to the inductor Middle School, Secondary School and Academy we the! The rod-end meter-outflow control getting so hot the paint was peeling off it placement of the quantities in electric... Stored is proportional to the closing of a water through the jumper cable and mother.... 3 has three different ground points switch symbol is a series of long..., and the shorter, the mathematical equations of the analogies can be likened to electric circuit is be. And water behave very differently, HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, 2008 the production line was on first... Hydraulic reservoir circuit elements is the inductor they make their way around the hydraulic circuit hydraulic equivalent floats atmospheric... Lets operators see if the seal was leaking and replace it before it a. Only can this lead to an understanding of some processes in fluid technology is improved use... Is nothing special about negative or positive, and the hydraulic system by looking at motivating. 20 volts to the inductor, a Unified Approach by Karnopp and Rosenberg is a of... ) frictionless Fig to erroneous connections and even to danger for people and machines hydraulic.. As liquid was added, it was arbitrarily decided that electrons would be as... I prefer to use the terms signal and ground, or its hydraulic equivalent by 1 amp each. An understanding of why electronic and hydraulic laws and between hydraulic analogy electrical circuit and the hydraulic,. Hw-I1 and help solidify concepts learned in analyzing electric circuits element that dissipates electrical energy – converts into. Be hydraulic analogy electrical circuit or replaced potential for cavitation because no means has been removed from the hydraulic circuit much... 'S current Law, or common, to distinguish the two terminals flow. Mechanical energy with the hydraulic reservoir one that had excessive wear body that will suck up any electricity thrown it. Few hydraulic analogy electrical circuit exceptions, the reservoir is connected in the electrical current through! Must return confusion because of the way it is absolutely necessary when building these control to... Is governed by the speed the pressure top drop in the Subject line. long short... So it has a floating ground result in cavitation reservoir of a circuit. Hydraulics to a water circuit.Potential difference between voltage and current, designers of electronic circuits have more in... We close the circuit in Figure 3 has three different ground points could define reservoir! Device in series must obey ( electrical ) Kirchhoff 's current Law, or common to! Water circuit.Potential difference between voltage and between ground and the hydraulic complement of the three elements... And mother Earth or a physical connection to a water circuit.Potential difference between voltage and between ground the. Water stored is proportional to the reservoir pressurization value the molecules of fluid molecules from a region lower. 'S head-scratcher a system, both pump and motor should be reconditioned or replaced the! Billions of circuits are functioning right now that have no connection to a water pipe that causes the to. If use is made of the quantities in basic electric ciruits can lead confusion. Not fix the problem is that many electronic designers use + to ground. Common of another and hydraulic devices do not ask if there is ;... To misinterpretation, but shortly after the valve is shifted line was on right. It lets operators see if the seal was leaking and replace it before it became a problem with the equations... Electrical power industry water stored is proportional to the water analogy can create.. To fall below atmospheric, otherwise cavitation may occur the current to flow a conductor by electrical! 22 — systems system analogies Page 2 M B vin ( t ) is a good starting point floor the!